small gtpases การใช้

• This recruits and activates small GTPases such as Rac1 and Cdc42.
• When bound to GTP, small GTPases regulate myriad cellular processes.
• The "'Ras superfamily "'is a protein superfamily of small GTPases.
• The first function as monomeric small GTPases, while the second function as heterotrimeric G protein subunits.
• As such, small GTPases are involved in multiple cellular events, including nuclear translocation and signaling.
• These include PI3K . Other small GTPases may bind adaptors such as arfaptin or second messenger systems such as adenylyl cyclase.
• Serotonylation of proteins other than small GTPases underlies the regulation of vascular smooth muscle " tone " in blood vessels including the aorta.
• Though small GTPases are involved, the existence of a large amount of protein-bound serotonin suggests the presence of yet unidentified other serotonylation interactions.
• Once within the cell the viruses are rapidly delivered to endosomes via vesicular trafficking albeit one that is largely independent of the small GTPases Rab5 and Rab7.
• Several phosphorylation events have been established, as have the involvement of several src family kinases and small GTPases, but the sequence of events has not yet been determined.
• The encoded protein localizes to centrosomes and microtubules, and associates with the GTP-activated forms of Ras, Rap1, and several other Ras-like small GTPases.
• SAR1B belongs to the Sar1-ADP ribosylation factor family of small GTPases, which govern the intracellular trafficking of proteins in coat protein ( COP )-coated vesicles.
• Serotonylation also through small GTPases is involved in the process by which serotonin controls the release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas and so the regulation of blood glucose levels.
• The encoded protein is composed solely of a BAR domain which is predicted to form coiled coil structures and proposed to mediate dimerization, sense and induce membrane curvature, and bind small GTPases.
• When the catalytic threonine residue of glucosyltransferase deactivates a family of small GTPases, e . g . the Rho family; cell-cell junction, and apoptosis ( Fig . 5 ).
• TBC domain proteins may serve as GTPase-activating proteins for a particular group of GTPases, the Rab ( Ras-related proteins in brain ) small GTPases which are involved in the regulation of membrane trafficking.
• The WRC is activated by interaction with the Rac1 ( via the CYFIP1 component of the complex ) and Arf small GTPases, which causes dissociation of the CYFIP1-Nap1-Abi2 heterotrimer at the membrane periphery.
• The actin filaments within these structures are highly regulated by many actin nucleators, polymerization activators, actin binding and crosslinking proteins, kinases, small GTPases, and scaffold proteins; therefore, total actin turnover occurs within seconds.
• Through the accessibility of the host cells'cytosol, TcdB deactivates the small GTPases ( Fig . 5 ), e . g . the " Clostridium difficile "-associated diarrhea ( CDAD ) ( Fig . 5 ).
• Various classes of signaling molecules, including G-protein subunits, receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS ), and small GTPases, bind Cav-1 through its'caveolin-scaffolding domain '.